Literature, Law Codes, And Archaic Sumerian Religion

Ancient Mesopotamia It is undeniable that the natural environment of ancient Mesopotamia had a profound effect on the earliest civilizations known to the world. Humankind’s ability to control irrigation waters directly correlates with the rise of mass agriculture. With this mastery of their river environment, early farmers were capable of supporting large urban populations. However, in Mesopotamia the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were both a source of life as well as destruction for early societies. In many ways, the geography of ancient Mesopotamia fostered a sense of catastrophic determinism within the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians. The scarcity of resources as well as the untamable nature of their deluge environment led these early people to believe their futures veered on a harsh predetermined course. This essay will demonstrate that many prominent sources in ancient literature, law codes, and archaic Sumerian religion reflect the rigorous geographic and natural conditions which caused this deterministic mindset. The Epic of Gilgamesh, perhaps the most important literary piece of Mesopotamia, displays a world in which even the mightiest of human beings possessed little freedom to control their own fate due to an insurmountable environment. The Epic of Gilgamesh’s plot centers on Gilgamesh’s unavailing struggle to find eternal life. Naturally, he comes close but ultimately fails. A key aspect of Gilgamesh’s endeavor is his quest for wood in a cedar forest guardedShow MoreRelatedAncient Mesopotamia Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pagesgeography of ancient Mesopotamia fostered a sense of catastrophic determinism within the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians. The scarcity of resources as well as the untamable nature of their deluge environment led these early people to believe their futures veered on a harsh predetermined course. This essay will demonstrate that many prominent sources in ancient literature, law codes, and archaic Sumerian religion reflect the rigorous geogr aphic and natural conditions which caused this deterministicRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagestowns, cities, and other centers, where they erected impressive structures and where industry and commerce flourished. They developed writing, enabling them to keep inventories of food and other resources. Specialized occupations emerged, complex religions took form, and social divisions increased. These changes marked the birth of civilization. ââ€"   EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE Humans are cultural beings. Culture is the sum total of the ways of living built up by a group and passed on from one

A Research On Public Safety - 1001 Words

Needs of Population Jessica Mae Addison CJ:100 Preparing for a Career in Public Safety Kaplan University In today’s society there are numerous populations with unthinkable needs that have not been met or that required to be helped. Police and other law enforcement officials have went beyond the call of duty on more than one occasion for these groups. Just a few groups that need assistance are as followed: homeless, elderly, domestic abuse, and lastly mentally handicapped. To begin with what is homeless? â€Å"The term â€Å"homeless† refers to someone who is usually poor and frequently on the move from one temporary dwelling situation to another† (Charmard, 2016). Many people wonder if they are homeless and move around how they cause an issue with society. Opposing to general opinion the common constantly homeless persons are not hardened violent felon, but someone with a disproportionately high arrest rate for crimes such as public intoxication, petty theft, and trespassing. How can police and law enforcement officials help these homeless people? The first step is to find the homeless and help get them into a homeless shelter that will assist in conditions that will help get back on their feet. Many homeless shelters now a days, try to clean, feed and let them volunteer work. A few homeless have found jobs and gotten off of the streets, with the help of police keeping them in line and off of the streets. Another assembly of population that the police may encounter are theShow MoreRelatedThe United States Health Care Public Safety Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesBackground The United States health care public safety net system largely provides healthcare services to the uninsured and the under insured. However, this vulnerable population still cannot access adequate care and compared to the privately insured population, the uninsured receive less preventative and specialty health care services. The need for safety net providers to improve the delivery and access to care has led to increased funding through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care ActRead MoreThe Vaccine Safety Study Act1578 Words   |  7 Pages Vaccine Safety Study Act Rosemary Gyasi Howard University College of Nursing and Allied Health Health Policy and Economics The Vaccine safety study act was designated to a congressional committee over a year ago on April 5, 2013. The congressional committee will then analyze the issue before passing it on to the Senate or the house for further discussion. Some of the issues discussed in the bill various vaccine programs, keeping track of the number of children, infants, andRead MoreEssay on Neighborhood Public Policy Assignment611 Words   |  3 PagesNeighborhood Public Policy Assignment NUR/408 April 4, 2011 University of Phoenix The scenario involved Marcus Young who was hit by a speeding car in the neighborhood driven by a teenage boy named Charles. In the scenario Marcus was not paying attention to where he was going because a dog was chasing him. He then rode out between two parked cars and was stuck by the car. The incident represented a public safety issue according to Michigan Safe Kids Coalition; bicycles are associatedRead MoreResearch: Tabacco Control and Road Safety in Australia1584 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION By the beginning of 21st century, public health activities over different settings led to growth in healthcare. Improvement in large number of diseases, injuries, infectious diseases, nutrition, sanitation, cancers, dental health have led to significant growth in Australia’s health population since last 30 years. Improvements grew from advances and technology in medicine and surgery, delivery of quality health care services, and also range of public health programs promotion via an organizedRead MorePublic Adherence And Compliance With Law Enforcement Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesand trust in the police has been said to determine public adherence and compliance with law enforcement. Moreover, public perceptions of, and experiences with the police have played a critical role in police effectiveness (Beck et al. 1999), and in order for police to prosper and adequately function, they require public support. To date, there have been adequate research and investigations cond ucted on the level of confidence and general public perception on the police. Perceptions were based onRead MoreSullivans Impact : Community Impact1447 Words   |  6 Pagesbuy into the consolidation when they know the city is spending cautiously. A police and fire department consolidation will immediately give the community an enhanced level of service. When a citizen calls 911, a highly qualified and diverse public safety officer will arrive at their door and be capable of handling a fire or police call, and potentially a medical call as well. If a police officer arrives at a fire call first, the officer is limited on their abilities to add value to the incidentRead MoreCost and Quality Analysis1217 Words   |  5 Pagesis to provide the quality of care that is expected and obtain low healthcare cost. Working hand in hand with the private sector and government is in hopes of improving the quality of care that each patient deserves and maintaining the cost so that research can continue. The purpose of this paper is to look into relationships between healthcare cost and quality healthcare. Differences in HealthCare Cost and Quality Working in the healthcare system, you often wonder if the nation works on qualityRead MoreResearch Methods1046 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Factors Heather Mingee Research Methods Week 10 Assignment 2 Instructor Joseph Davis Psychological Factors The scientific method is an organized way of figuring something out and normally includes six parts (Galgas, 2014). The first step is to state my purpose. For example, for this assignment, my purpose would be to examine the psychological factors affecting how teenagers in an impoverished urban area spend their time outside of school. Second is my research. For my assignment, I wouldRead MoreImportance Of Public Health1006 Words   |  5 PagesPublic health is defined as the science of protecting and improving people’s health and their communities. Public health is achieved through promotion of healthy lifestyles, researching the prevention of diseases and injuries, as well as detecting, thwarting and responding to infectious disease outbreaks. As such, public health involves protecting the health of entire populations, for example, in local neighborhoods or in an entire country or region of the world. The mission of public health is toRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods Essa y1274 Words   |  6 Pagesworld†, and continues to cause great concern both inside and outside the United States (Bhargava 1402). In some of the largest populated areas in the world, genetically modified organisms, GMO’s, are used without substantial research and have resulted in varying food safety scares around the world, but particularly in the United States. Along with the potential health hazards, genetically modified products have also caused growing concerns for the environment. The lack of scrutiny from the American

Evaluation Of Medium Access Control Protocol - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation Of Medium Access Control Protocol. Answer: INTRODUCTION This report depicts a comparison between existing radio based and wireless networks with underwater acoustic networks. The various challenges faced by underwater acoustic networks are analysed. Some of these challenges are slow signal propagation speed, very small channel capacity, low channel quality and high dynamics of channel quality, and long propagation delays. As a result, various Medium Access Control strategies are used to counter attack these challenges. Still, underwater acoustic network is a hot research topic because it has many applications. Radio-frequency based wireless networks (RWNs): Radio-frequency based wireless networks are which uses radio-frequency as a base for communication. The frequency range of these networks lies between 535 KHz to 300 GHz. Few examples of radio frequency based wireless networks are radio and television broadcast systems, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, satellite communication system and many more. These higher frequencies provide competence in propagation, and provide immunity from noise. The radio frequency signals inseminate between two station antennas named as sending and receiving stations. As the propagation medium is air therefore there is a loss in amplitude. Radio frequency based networks are classified according to their frequency range as follows, Less than 1GHz This frequency range is used for cordless phones, amateur television and ZigBee along with IEEE 802.15.4. Between 1GHz and 5GHz The ISM band falls under this category having a frequency range of 2.4GHz.WiMAX, GPS, microwave ovens also function in this range. Above than 5GHz Very less networks operate in this frequency range as they experience maximum attenuation and scattering. Few examples are IEEE 802.11a and 802.11n along with Wi-Fi. Advantages of radio frequency based wireless networks are: They have low propagation delays They have high frequency range Good operation in foggy weather conditions Long channel capacity High channel reliability Disadvantages of radio frequency based wireless networks are: Less security At times low throughput UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NETWORKS An underwater acoustic network (UAN) can be defined as a communication network which is used to monitor particular ocean infrastructures. These networks are made by forming two-way acoustic links between the instruments located in the sea and the sensors. Acoustic waves enable communications over long-range links, as they suffer from relatively low absorption hence they are used in underwater acoustic networks.The range of these links is very small approx. 100 kms. When compared with radio-frequency based wireless networks, underwater acoustic networks have limited bandwidth which depends on the range as well as frequency. Also the propagation speed of these channels is lower than radio frequency channels and it keeps on fluctuating. The acoustic signals have time-varying multipath due to which they face interference and large Doppler shifts which are observed less in radio channels. The throughput of these networks is less because of the large delays in transactions. As radio-frequency based wireless networks are to the terrestrial environment, similarly for ocean environment underwater acoustic networks are designed. These networks provide a continuous check of the particular area of the sea. Advantages of underwater acoustic networks: They monitor and find environmental parameters inside the ocean. They help in understanding the complexities o underwater environment. Disadvantages of underwater acoustic networks: Low propagation speed Less power sufficient Limited bandwidth Various Medium Access Control Protocols are designed for under water acoustic networks. For long propagation delays there are three protocols described as follows. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)- In this protocol, the available frequencies are divided into sub bands and hence these sub bands are assigned to individual users. FDMA are accessible to fading because the channels bandwidths are small. The long propagation delays are reduced because of the division of frequencies. FDMA channels are faulty to bursty traffic. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)- In this protocol, rather than division of frequency bands the time intervals are divided. A particular time interval is appointed to individual users. TDMA along with FDMA trims the effects of intercell interference. Using TDMA, battery consumption is diminished. For TDMA channels in underwater acoustic networks it desires synchronization. But the time slots are kept so that the collisions in propagation delays are avoided. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)- In CDMA, the frequency band is accessed by multiple users. Different users are discriminated by the codes. The CDMA channels have large bandwidth and hence frequency fading is reduced. This protocol reduces the battery consumption as well and improves the throughput of the network. The reservation based MAC protocols for UWANs are: Message-based protocols for distributed topologies Under the category of message-based protocols or distributed topologies is signal-based reservation. As message-based reservation causes collision and to reduce these collisions a Tone-Lohi channel is used. T-Lohi reserves the channels and carrier sensing so that the reservation result can be verified. A node transfers data and then the channel is listened for the duration of contention round. The reservation is successful when no other tone is heard at the end of the contention round. T-Lohi is load stable and hence reduces the energy consumption and improves fairness of heavy traffic loads. There are various scheduling based UWAN MAC protocols. They are: ALOHA with Collision Avoidance In ALOHA-CA the nodes calculated the busy duration caused by the frames at every other node to avoid collisions. This method does not provide the information useful to calculate schedules for collision avoidance. The protocols performance is affected by propagation delays. Spatio-temporal conflict graph (ST-CG) The scheduling constraints are determined by this protocol which develops a TDMA-based scheduling as a NP- complete problem. Further, this problem is solved by Traffic based One-step Trial Approach algorithm. The long propagation delays are exploited by few MAC protocols, Bidirectional Concurrent MAC This protocol lets a pair of nodes to transfer to one another at the same time whenever a handshaking is successful. Along with this, many rounds of bidirectional transmissions whenever a burst happens. Underwater Distributed TDMA This scheduling protocol makes a use of scattered maximal independent set algorithm so that the maximum number of nodes which can transfer without collision in the same time interval can be determined. Staggered TDMA This protocol adapts propagation delay estimate to allow communication overlapping to decrease channel idle time. The scheduling decisions to resist reception conflict are also made. Distributed Traffic-based Scheduling MAC This protocol is based on an analytical model to optimize bandwidth allocation in multi-hop UWANs. The majority of the underwater acoustic networks MAC protocols are sender initiated protocols. Few receiver initiated protocols are: Spatially Fair MAC This protocol is used to handle spatial unfairness which occurs due to distinct distances. SF-MAC accepts a receiver-based protocol without any information of distance availability. It guarantees the node by submitting a Receiver to Sender as soon as possible to transfer the data first. The receiver abducts the RTS frames to evaluate the earliest transmitter by the usage of potential transmission duration. Underwater Practical MAC This protocol gives two access modes for high and low traffic loads, letting the nodes to switch between then in accordance to the traffic loads. This MAC protocol uses ALOHA at the low load mode for irrational data transmission. The receiver broadcasts an initial packet to the neighbours, then the neighbours response. At last, the receiver broadcasts an announcement frame comprising the schedule. This protocol is also used to calculate propagation delays between nodes. Conclusion Underwater acoustic networks have many applications. The various flaws in the design of underwater acoustic networks were power limitations, bandwidth limitations along with long propagation delays. But at the same time, most of these factors were taken care by the medium access layer protocols. MAC strategies which are suggested to handle few flaws of underwater acoustic networks are signal-based reservations, scheduling-based MAC, long propagation delays. It has been observed that since this technology is evolving but still there are many challenges which need to be solved. Over the next decade, significant improvements are anticipated in the design and performance of UWA networks as more experience is gained through at-sea experiments and network simulation tools. References [1]D. Dobkin,RF Engineering for Wireless Networks: Hardware, Antennas, and Propagation. USA: Elsevier, 2011. [2]S. Climent, A. Sanchez, J. Capella, N. Meratnia and J. Serrano, "Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks: Advances and Future Trends in Physical, MAC and Routing Layers",Sensors, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 795-833, 2014. [3]G. Fan, H. Chen, L. Xie and K. Wang, "A hybrid reservation-based MAC protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks",Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1178-1192, 2013. [4]J. Loo, J. Lloret Mauri and J. Ortiz,Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. . [5]S. Jiang, "State-of-The-Art Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Networks: A Survey Based on A MAC Reference Model",IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, pp. 1-1, 2017. [6]Y. Su and Z. Jin, "UMMAC: A multi-channel MAC protocol for underwater acoustic networks",Journal of Communications and Networks, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 75-83, 2016. [7]H. Belloc,On. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1967. [8]D. Pyeon, I. Jang, H. Yoon and D. Kim, "RM-MAC: a reservation based multi-channel MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks",Wireless Networks, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 2727-2739, 2015. [9]P. Etter,Underwater acoustic modeling and simulation. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor Francis, 2013. [10]R. Otnes,Underwater Acoustic Networking Techniques. Berlin: Springer, 2012. [11]S. Shahabudeen, M. Motani and M. Chitre, "Analysis of a High-Performance MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks",IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 74-89, 2014. [12]H. Ng, W. Soh and M. Motani, "A Bidirectional-Concurrent MAC Protocol With Packet Bursting for Underwater Acoustic Networks",IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 547-565, 2013.